HIE means Hypoxic – lack of oxygen, Ischemic – restricted blood flow, Encephalopathy – impacting the brain. Neonatal HIE is the 2nd leading cause of infant mortality in the world, and has many causes, primarily affecting full-term babies. HIE can cause many conditions including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hearing and vision impairments, learning and attention difficulties, and other neurodevelopmental impacts.